Bacterial vaginosis (BV) occurs when the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina changes and an overgrowth of some bacteria normally found in the vagina occurs. Studies indicate that a woman with bacterial vaginosis has an increased chance of having a variety of other reproductive tract problems. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment are important.

How does someone get bacterial vaginosis?

BV occurs when some types of bacteria that are normally found in the vagina begin to grow in large numbers. It is unclear why this occurs, although some risk factors have been identified. BV is not transmitted during sex, but is associated with sexual activity.

What are the risk factors for bacterial vaginosis?

Douching, the use of feminine hygiene products (such as vaginal sprays and wipes), and bubble baths may lead to BV. Although BV is not sexually transmitted, sex without a condom can cause BV or make it worse, because of the effect of semen on bacteria in the vagina. It appears that the presence of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) increases the risk of BV; up to 64% of women with STDs also have BV, compared with 10-20% of all women.

How can you protect yourself from getting bacterial vaginosis?

To reduce your chances of getting BV:

• Avoid douching and the use of other feminine hygiene products
  　
• Use condoms during sex
  　
• Clean reusable contraceptives (such as diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicide applicators) thoroughly after each use

What are some symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?

Some women have no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include:
　

• Unusual vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor
  　
• Vaginal itching or irritation

Can infection with bacterial vaginosis lead to other health problems?

BV may increase a woman's chance of having other reproductive tract problems, including:
　

• The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), if present with either chlamydia or gonorrhea
  　
• The risk of infection following vaginal surgery or abortion

What is the impact of bacterial vaginosis on pregnancy?

BV has been associated with early labor and delivery in pregnant women and low birth weight in newborns. BV is also associated with infection of the lining of the uterus (endometritis) after the birth of the baby.

How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

Most commonly, BV is diagnosed by examination of vaginal discharge to evaluate the acidity, odor, and microscopic characteristics of the discharge.

Is there a treatment or cure for bacterial vaginosis?

BV can be easily treated and cured with antibiotics—usually a drug called metronidazole (Flagyl). Treatment may involve the use of metronidazole tablets by mouth or vaginal creams made from metronidazole or another antibiotic called clindamycin. This treatment can cause side effects such as mild nausea, vomiting, and metallic taste in the mouth. Nonetheless, in order for the treatment to work, it is important to take the medication as prescribed. It can also cause a bad reaction when mixed with alcohol; avoid drinking until 24 hours after you finish taking the medicine. Metronidazole should not be used during early pregnancy. When using vaginal creams, remember that those preparations are oil-based and will weaken latex condoms and diaphragms.

Male partners of women with BV are not routinely treated.